Sharon Thomas

This blog was started in loving memory of Christ Kengeri Campus,Bangalore and now dedicated to all my students ...

Saturday, April 5, 2025

Analysis and Report on Fake Universities in India

Report on Analysis of Listed Universities in India

1. Overview

This report evaluates 21 institutions across India claiming to operate as universities or deemed universities. The analysis focuses on:


  • Geographical distribution

  • Naming conventions and red flags

  • Regulatory compliance (UGC/AISHE recognition)

  • Risks associated with unrecognized institutions


Key Finding: A majority of these institutions appear unrecognized by statutory bodies like the University Grants Commission (UGC), raising concerns about their legitimacy.



2. Geographical Distribution

StateNumber of InstitutionsExamples
Andhra Pradesh  2Christ New Testament Deemed University, Bible Open University of India
Delhi9Commercial University Ltd., United Nations University, Vocational University
Uttar Pradesh4Gandhi Hindi Vidyapith, Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Open University
Kerala2St. John’s University, International Islamic University of Prophetic Medicine
Others4Karnataka, Maharashtra, Puducherry, West Bengal (1–2 institutions each)

Notable Insight: Delhi accounts for 43% of listed institutions, indicating potential misuse of the capital’s name for credibility.


3. Red Flags and Naming Patterns

A. Suspicious Naming Conventions

  • Misleading Terms: Use of “Open University,” “Deemed University,” or “International” without UGC recognition (e.g., Commercial University Ltd.).

  • Mimicking Legitimate Institutions: Names resembling globally recognized bodies (e.g., United Nations University in Delhi, unaffiliated with the UN).

  • Religious/Ideological Affiliations: Examples include Christ New Testament Deemed University and International Islamic University of Prophetic Medicine.


B. Address Irregularities

  • Residential/Commercial Addresses: Institutions listed in apartments or office towers (e.g., Grace Villa Apts., GunturGopala Tower, Delhi).

  • Multiple AddressesChrist New Testament Deemed University lists two locations in Guntur, 

  • Andhra Pradesh.


C. Unverified Claims

  • False Affiliation ClaimsAll India Institute of Public & Physical Health Sciences claims to be a “State Government University” without evidence.


  • Unrecognized Specializations: Terms like “Self-Employment” (Viswakarma Open University) or “Alternative Medicine” lack UGC approval.



4. Regulatory Non-Compliance

  • UGC Database Absence:

    • ADR-Centric Juridical University (Delhi), Bible Open University of India (Andhra Pradesh), and Mahamaya Technical University (Noida) are not listed on UGC’s official portal.

    • Deemed University FraudChrist New Testament Deemed University falsely claims deemed status; no Christian deemed university exists in Andhra Pradesh.



5. Case Studies

A. Christ New Testament Deemed University (Andhra Pradesh)

  • Operates from residential apartments (7th Lane, Kakumanuvarithoto and Grace Villa Apts.).


  • No UGC Recognition: Absent from UGC’s list of deemed universities.


B. Commercial University Ltd. (Delhi)

  • Private Company Structure: Use of “Ltd.” suggests a business entity, not a university.

  • UGC Warning: Previously flagged by UGC as a fake institution.


C. Indian Institute of Science and Engineering (Delhi)

  • Name Mimicry: Borrows prestige from institutions like IISc/IITs but lacks accreditation.



6. Recommendations

  1. Verification: Cross-check all institutions via:


  2. Avoid Enrollment: Degrees from these institutions may be invalid for jobs or further education.

  3. Legal Action: State governments must investigate and shut down unauthorized operations.

  4. Public Awareness Campaigns: UGC should issue alerts targeting Delhi and Uttar Pradesh.


7. Conclusion

The listed institutions exhibit patterns of non-compliance with Indian education regulations, likely operating as degree mills. Students and employers must verify affiliations through official channels to avoid fraud.


References:

  1. All India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE)

  2. UGC List of Fake Universities

Wednesday, December 25, 2019

Career Path Note books

Career Path University Note books 6 Subjects 300 A4 80 GSM Pages , Multicoloured 

Enquires : Minimum order quantity  ( MOQ ) : 100 Books

Contact : 9496346509

Saturday, November 23, 2019

Virtual University


Virtual University -  A virtual university provides higher education programs through electronic media, typically the Internet. Some are bricks-and-mortar institutions that provide online learning as part of their extended university courses while others solely offer online courses 

Source : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_university




Wednesday, October 2, 2019

Christ University Bangalore 2020 MBA Admissions


Eligibility for applying
  • A composite score of 600 or above in the Management Aptitude Test (MAT) conducted by AIMA in either September 2019  OR December 2019 OR February 2020 OR
  • A composite score of 450 or above in GMAT 2019 / 2020 OR
  • A composite score of 300 or above in GRE 2019 / 2020 OR
  • 70 Percentile or above in Common Management Admission Test (CMAT 2020) OR
  • 70 Percentile or above in Common Admission Test (CAT 2019) conducted by the Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs) OR
  • 70 Percentile or above in Xavier Aptitude Test (XAT 2020) OR
  • 70 Percentile or above in Association of Indian Management Schools Test (ATMA 2020).
  • One year work experience (full time / family business also considered) for Candidates applying for the Dual Degree MBA (CU) + MBA, (FHWS, Germany) Programme (MANDATORY).
(And)
50% or above marks in aggregate in the undergraduate examinations. (Applicants who are in the final year of their studies should have 50% or above aggregate in their undergraduate examinations conducted so far). Students writing their final degree examinations during March-May 2020 are also eligible to apply. Students pursuing International curriculum must note that eligibility is according to AIU stipulations.

Minimum score specified for MAT / CAT / CMAT / XAT / ATMA / GMAT / GRE is only an eligibility criteria and the actual score thereof shall have no bearing in the selection process.

Session-I: MBA applications will be available from 01/10/2019 (After 04:00 PM) Last date to apply for Session-I is 27/01/2020. E-Admit card for this process will be be updated on 30/01/2020 after 10:00 PM.

Classes for MBA 2020 - 2022 will commence end MAY 2020.

•  MBA CHRIST (Deemed to be University) – Main Campus & Kengeri Campus
   Specializations: Finance | Human Resource | Lean Operations & Systems | Marketing | Business Analytics

•  MBA CHRIST (Deemed to be University) – Delhi NCR Campus
   Specializations: Finance | Human Resource | Marketing | Business Analytics

•  MBA CHRIST (Deemed to be University) – Pune Lavasa Campus
   Specializations: Finance | Human Resource | Marketing | Business Analytics

•  MBA CHRIST (Deemed to be University) and MBA (Wurzburg - Schweinfurt University, Germany)
   Specializations: Finance | Marketing | Operations

•  MBA CHRIST (Deemed to be University) with MS in Business (Virginia Commonwealth University, USA)
   Specializations: Finance | Information Systems | Marketing | Decision Analytics

•  MBA CHRIST (Deemed to be University) and MBA (Western Michigan University, USA)
   Specializations: Finance | Computer Information Systems | Management | Marketing

•  MBA (Finance Management) Hosur Road Campus
   2 Years / 4 semesters Full Time at CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore

•  MBA (Tourism Management) Bannerghatta Road Campus
   2 Years / 4 Semesters Full Time at CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bannerghatta Road Campus 
(Eligibility)

•  MBA (International Business) Bannerghatta Road Campus
   2 Years / 4 Semesters Full Time at CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bannerghatta Road Campus 
(Eligibility)

  2 Years / 4 Semesters Full Time at CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore (Eligibility)

  • Duration: 2 years – 4 semesters
  • Class will be held (Saturdays and Sundays) (Eligibility)

Admission Related Enquires : Call  09243080800


Tuesday, September 24, 2019

Gold Price vs Cryptocurrency

sharonthomasc.blogspot.com

What will happen when worlds best Cryptocurrency Bitcoin get linked to Silver .. ?

Gold price will fall ..

Source : Youtube

Regards : Sharon Thomas

Sunday, September 8, 2019

Why NTA/UGC may bring negative marks in the examination ?

Explaining the demerits of present UGC NET system ....

Top 20 Facts

1. There is a probability that any person can get 25% mark with out knowing the answer . ( 4 options with no negative mark )

2.Only people who can afford to attend coaching class will be knowing this technique..

3.If "(all of these)" is there in the option probability of answer becoming right enhances to 50 % ...
 ( So called all of these" is an answer and any one of "a,b,c" will be an answer.

4.Reverse engineering is the methodology adopted here.

5. Reading Comprehension in Paper 1 utilises this methodology. So Start reading the Question first.

6. Impact - Lower Cut off and better accurate results.

7. IBPS conduct exam with 5 options with negative marks. So the probability of a blind answer is 20% only.

8.All major competitive  exams are having negative marks.

9.Approximately 10 lakh candidates takes the exam twice a year.

10. 6 %  passes the exam which means approximately 60,000 will pass the exam.

11. A good software engineer can use pattern analysis and predict the next question paper analysing the present trend.

12. The highest fees in Coaching centres are already reaching nearly 1 Lakh rupees per candidate .

13. Many Colleges misuse UGC fund by hiring inexperienced candidates in this field.

14. MOOC courses like SWAYAM are available for very Low cost and this should be informed to every one.

15. Interdisciplinary research is the upcoming trend.

16. JRF should be made available even to part time PhD candidates as they have extraordinary capabilities.

17.Better clarity should be given regarding EWS criteria.

18. Even 100% Literate Keralites are not able to obtain EWS certificate due to many technical defects which they relate it to claim denial strategy adopted in Health INSURANCE Sector.

19. BBC fast reading methodology must be taught to all.

20. Indian education system can be bettered using Artificial intelligence and Deep Learning methodology.

Monday, March 26, 2018

UGC NET Paper 1 for All subjects


Batches for 2018 July 8th UGC NET 

UGC NET Paper 1 importance has gone up as there has been a revision in examination pattern . So exclusive classes has been arranged by Career Path from April 16th to April 30th . 

Location Address:

Career Path

S. Kumar Complex, Naduvilal, M.G Road, Thrissur, Kerala - 680001

More Details
Sharon Thomas
M.Com(NET) , M.B.A (NET) , PGDMA
Phone : 9496346509
Email : sharon.thomas@mba.christuniversity.in


https://www.facebook.com/Career-Path-2035823899998379/

MAT Coaching centres in Thrissur , Kerala

MAT Coaching for MBA aspirants available at Career Path Kuttanellur Branch.
Contact Sharon Thomas 9496346509


https://www.facebook.com/Career-Path-2035823899998379/

Monday, February 26, 2018

Christ University BBA Program Bags No 1 in India

Achievements of Christ University


BBA Rank No. 1 In the India Today - Nielson - India's Top Colleges Survey 2015, BBA has been Ranked No.1.


Friday, February 16, 2018

Advice from a judge who handled family dispute courts !

Advice from a judge who handled family dispute courts!
1. Don't encourage your son and his wife to stay under same roof with you. Best to suggest them to move out, even to the extent of renting a house. It's their problem to find a separate home. More the distance between you and your children's families, the better is the relationship with your in laws
2. Treat your son's wife as his wife, not as your own daughter, maybe just treat her as a friend. Your son would always be your Junior but, if you think that his wife is of the same rank and if you ever scolded her, she would remember it for life.
In real life, only her own mother and not you will be viewed as a person qualified to scold or correct her.
3.Whatever habits or characters your son's wife has is not your problem at all, it is your son's problem. It isn't your problem as he is an adult already
4.Even when living together, make each others businesses clear, don't do their laundry, don't cook for them and don't baby sit their children. Unless, of course, there is a special request by your son's wife and you feel that you're capable and don't expect anything in return.
Most importantly, you shouldn't worry about your son's family problems.
Let them settle themselves.
5.Pretend to be blind and deaf when your son and his wife are quarrelling. It's normal that the young couple do not like their parents to b involved in the dispute between husband and wife.
6. Your grandchildren totally belong to your son and his wife. However they want to raise their children, it is up to them. The credit or blame would be on them.
7. Your son's wife need not necessarily respect and serve you. It is the son's duty. You should have taught your son to be a better person so that you and your son's wife relationship could be better.
8. Do more planning for your own retirement, don't rely on your children to take care of your retirement. You had already walked through most of your journey in life, there are still a lot of new things to learn through out the journey
It is your own interest that you enjoy your retirement years. Better if you could utilise enjoy everything that you had saved before you die. Don't let your wealth become worthless to you.
9. Grandchildren don't belong to your family, they're their parents precious gift.
The above message is not only for you, please share it with your friends, parents, in-law, uncles, auntie, husband or wife to find peace progress in life.

Source : Facebook

Thursday, January 4, 2018

Back to school done @ Christ Kengeri campus

Rules ( Top 30 entries to get surprise gifts )






1.Do only what u believe to be ethical !!!!!
2.Creator of this contest has every right to change the rules of the contest any time .
3. Provision for implementing new rules in this contest will be there especially because most of the Smart       Managers team are working in Reputed Industries....
4.There will be strict moderation for the entries.
5.In case of any clarifications contact me @+91- 9496346509 ....
6.Donations can be transferred via Paytm or Freecharge @ 9496346509...
7.The decision of Smart Mangers Team will be Final ...
8.No further disputes will be entertained.
9.Thank You ...
....................
Yours Sincerely
Mr. Sharon Thomas
[MBA(Marketing) - Christ Bangalore , PGDMA (Post Graduate Diploma In Multimedia and Animation (Off Campus program), MBA NET (2012) , M.Com NET (2015) , M.Com NET (2017) ]

Tuesday, January 2, 2018

Online Barter System and Microfinance

Dear Friends ,

https://www.facebook.com/sharonhaidear/

Give me a like if you are able to understand the concept..
Iam ready to clarify your doubts and also I need to learn from your doubts ...

Now let us analyse  the present situation ... See the following video ...



Also See this video




FAQ


Is there money involved in Barter system ?

Yes , Money cant be fully abolished as every commodity cant have same value..The difference has to be paid through online banking or wallets


What will be the result if an app is launched or all started using Whats App group with a wallet and Chat list attached with a concept of No need of Brands in their mind ...  ?

Constraints
1. People may depend may have to depend on walets than Liquid cash in the near future.
2.There will be a difference in the value of goods or service or idea exchanged for which a paperless currency may be used.But it uses encrypted algorithm ..

Suggestion
1. Indian Currency must be used and we must support India by consuming Indian products more in the barter system ..

             So if things are clear please comment what will happen if 1000+ apps are developed in a row. Because the concept is out to many software engineers..

Conclusion
               We have to wait and see..One thing is sure .. Things will go faster but in reverse direction ... It is said that Barter system originated around BC 6000 ...


Reference 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barter
https://www.mint.com/barter-system-history-the-past-and-present


Monday, December 25, 2017

CMAT EXAM


CMAT 2018 is the MBA/PGDM entrance test conducted by AICTE every year for admission to AICTE approved MBA/PGDM 2018-20 programmes across the country. CMAT 2018 will be held on Saturday January 20, 2018 now. Earlier All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) had informed on its website that CMAT 2018 would be held on January 21, 2018. However, now CMAT 2018 exam date is January 20, 2018 as per the latest information from AICTE published on its website.


Important Dates
Registration Start Date
Date : 20th October 2017

Registration End Date
Date :18th December 2017 (10:00 AM)

Exam Date
Date : 20th January, 2018

Result Declaration and Print Out Of Score Cards

To be announced



Earlier AICTE had also preponed the CMAT 2018 registration start date from October 21 to October 20, 2017 while the CMAT 2018 exam date was not changed. On October 11, 2017, AICTE has announced CMAT 2018 exam date, Registration open and end date and CMAT 2018 exam pattern. CMAT 2018 will be held on January 20, 2018 in a single session as online computer based test. CMAT 2018 registration process was started on October 20 and will end on December 18, 2017. 
AICTE-CMAT 2018 Exam date announced: Online test on January 21, registration begins October 20
Common Management Aptitude Test (CMAT) 2018 is online computer based exam, conducted by AICTE. CMAT 2018 is the official gateway for admissions to the University and AICTE approved MBA/PGDM programmes for 2018-20 batch across the country. As already informed by AICTE chairman, the CMAT 2018 official website has become live from October 11, 2017 with the release of CMAT 2018 notification.

Also Register now for Top MBA Entrance Exams
XAT:  Conducted by XLRI | Score accepted by 150+ MBA Colleges  
( Application ends on November 30th 2017 ) Exam on January 7th 10;00 a.m to1:35 p.m
IBSAT: Exam for 9 ICFAI Business School (IBS) campuses
All the CMAT top colleges accepting CMAT 2018 exam score are the ones offering AICTE approved MBA/PGDM programmes. According to AICTE, ‘All AICTE approved Institutes / Departments / Constituent Colleges / Affiliated Colleges of Universities are expected to accept CMAT scores. The specific notifications issued by Universities and State Governments are available at CMAT website

The CMAT exam date exam is scheduled on January 21, 2018. The registration and application process for CMAT 2018 remains open from October 20, 2017 to December 15. Although AICTE has not pre-defined the CMAT 2018 syllabus, the CMAT past papers and CMAT sample papers reflect the key topics and trends in the CMAT exam.

CMAT is the only MBA/PGDM exam conducted by AICTE and no other MBA/PGDM entrance is conducted under aegis of AICTE. CMAT is one of the largest National Level MBA/PGDM entrance examination and is conducted once a year by All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) in the month of January, as per the directions of Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), Government of India.

Universities in 13 states including Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Kerala, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka among others accept CMAT exam scores alongwith CAT for admission to their MBA programmes. The governments have officially notified CMAT as their official test. In addition, many B-schools offering AICTE approved PGDM programs will be using the CMAT 2018 scores. CMAT scores are accepted by around 400+ B schools running AICTE approved management programmes in India. It is the 2nd largest MBA/PGDM entrance test after CAT in the country. More than 60000 candidates register and apply for CMAT every year.

If you don’t get good scores in CAT/XAT/SNAP, the Common Management Admission Test (CMAT) is the answer to your MBA/PGDM needs leading to 400+ AICTE approved B-schools across the country.

CMAT 2018 is a 3 hour computer based online test which will be conducted in a single session across the country in 62 test cities to evaluate the candidate’s ability across various segments like Quantitative Technique, Logical Reasoning, Language Comprehension and General Awareness. The questions are in MCQ format.

With effect from 2016 AICTE-CMAT has become a yearly exam.  The CMAT 2018 exam full schedule is made available by AICTE now. CMAT is the computer based online exam. Earlier till 2015, there used to be 2 CMAT exams in one year. The first CMAT used to be held in the month of September while the second followed in the month of coming February.

Registration for CMAT 2018 is on-line process. Last date to register for CMAT 2018 is December 15, 2017.​

CMAT 2018 Eligibility
AICTE has prescribed following major points that determine the eligibility criteria for CMAT
Applicant must be a citizen of India.
Graduates with 50% marks in any discipline can apply for CMAT exam.

Final year students of Graduate Courses (10+2+3) whose result will be declared before commencement of admission for academic year 2018-19 can also apply for CMAT online exam.


Source : http://www.aicte-cmat.in

Saturday, December 23, 2017

Monday, November 27, 2017

St.Marys Management Fest


Press Control and  = to zoom in  .....
Press Control and - to zoom out  .....








Monday, November 20, 2017

Management Fest at ELIMS on November 24th

Event Rules.

CHAKRA VYUH (TREASURE HUNT)
•             Only registered teams are eligible.
•             Registration fee- 300 per team
•             Number of participants per team : 5
•             More than one team can be participated from one college.
•             Prelims will be conducted as first round(Elimination)
•             Teams found in any form of malpractices will be disqualified.
•             The organizing committee will not be responsible for any unfortunate events.
•             Keep your clues intact.
•             Decision of judges will be the final and no more queries shall be entertained.
•             1st prize- Rs 8000

ASWAMEDHA (Quiz)
•             Each team consists of 2 members
•             Registration fee- 50 per head
•             Maximum 2 teams can be participated from one college.
•             The quiz will be conducted in 4 rounds.
•             Use of mobile phones are prohibited in rounds
•             The judges decision will be final.
•             1.'prize- Rs 5000
              2° prize- Rs 3000

KARMA YUKTA(BEST MANAGEMENT TEAM)
•             Each team should have 5 participants.
•             Registration fee- Rs 300 per team
•             After registration no alteration can be made regarding team members.
•             One laptop per team is compulsory
•             Please carry your mobile phones.

Event Rules.
•             Doubts should be clarified at the beginning of each round.
•             Any team reporting after specified time will be eliminated.
•             Decisions made by judges will be final.
•             1. prize — Rs 8000 2. prize — Rs 4000

SITACHITRA (SPOT PHOTOGRAPHY)
•             Only Mobile phones can be used
•             No other cameras can be used
•             No edits and watermarks are allowed in the image.
•             Theme will be provided on spot.
•             Submission tirne end @2:OOpm
•             Participants should not capture the photographs using sources of mobile application
•             Sendyour entry with: Participant Name, College name, Course, Theme/caption and send the entries to: eleganza2k17elims@gmail.com
                  1. prize- Rs 1000

VISHWARUPA (FACE PAINTING)
•             It is a team event.
•             There can be only 2 participants in a team.(a painter and a model)
•             Participants should bring their own colours, brushes etc.
•             Tirne limit is 2 hours.
•             Topic will be given on the spot.
•             Participants should explain the theme/concept to the jury.
•             Participants will be judged on the basis of creativity, innovation and design.
•             Decision of the judges will be final and binding.
•             1. prize Rs 3000

NRITHARANGA (spot dance-solo)
•             Registration fee — Rs 100
•             Participants should not carry any properties
•             Duration should not exceed 5 minutes
•             The additional instructions, if any will be announced on the spot
•             Decision of the judges will be final
•             Judgement will be based on expression, adaptability, timing and beat.
•             Spot registration will be available.
•             1. prize-3000
               2. prize-1500



Event Rule
NRITHARANGA(GROUP DANCE)
•             A Group should have 4-12 members.
•             Registration fee : Rs 800 per group.
•             Duration should not exceed 10 minutes.
•             Fire, water and other dangerous properties are not allowed.
•             Vulgar costumes are strictly prohibited.
•             Judgement will be based on costume, musicality and coordination.
•             Any form of dance can be performed.
•             Choice of songs is open to the participants.
•             Decision of judges will be final.
•             Registration will be closed at 10am.
•             1. prize- Rs 15500
              2. prize-Rs 5500

JALWA (RAMP WALK)
•             Registration fee is 200 per head.
•             There will be 4 rounds.
•             Participants should bring atleast 4 costumes
•             Only for men

1.Prize :5500
2. Prize :2500





Marketing Management MARCH 2016

SECOND SEMESTER B.Com. (CSS) DEGREE EXAMINATIONS, MARCH 2016
Complementary Course BC2 C02: Marketing Management
Time: 3 Hours                                                                                   Max. Marks: 80

 I. Answer all questions: (10 x 1 = 10 Marks)

A. Choose the correct answer 1. The term ‘Marketing Myopia’ was introduced by ———
(a) N H Borden (b) Theodore Levitt (c) E.J. Mc Carthy (d) None of these
2. The only revenue producing element in the marketing mix is ———
 (a) Product (b) Price (c) Place (d) Promotion
 3. ——— means the set of market intermediaries through which the goods flow from producer to consumer.
 (a) Channel of distribution (b) Intensive distribution (c) Multiple distribution (d) Physical distribution 4. MRP stands for:
(a) Managing Public Relations (b) Measuring Public Relations (c) Marketing Public Relations (d) Monitoring Public Relations
 5. ——— refers to word of mouth through electronic channels.
(a) e-commerce (b) viral marketing (c) e-mail marketing (d) encryption

B. Fill in the blanks
 6. ——— is a paid form of communication by an identified sponsor.
7. ——— refers to marketing strategies under conditions of scarcity and during the period of shortage.
8. The concept of marketing mix was developed by ———
9. ——— motives are those motives which determine where or from whom products are purchased. 10. ——— is the complete list of all the products offered for sale by a company. 

II. Answer any eight of the following questions: (8 x 2 = 16 Marks)
11. What do you mean by market segmentation?
12. What is price bundling?
13. Explain the term Brand Loyalty.
14. Write any two objectives of pricing.
15. Expand AIDAS.
16. Define rural marketing.
17. What is morph marketing?
18. What are the major problems associated with Green marketing?
19. Explain marketing mix.
 20. What are the advantages of target marketing?

 III. Answer any six of the following questions: (6 x 4 = 24 Marks)
 21. Explain the concept of product life cycle.
 22. What are the factors influencing the choice of distribution channel?
23. What are the differences between direct marketing and advertising?
 24. Define social marketing. What are its features?
25. What are the limitations of internet marketing?
 26. “Marketing is inevitable for the company”. Comment on the statement.
 27. What are the functions of retailers?
28. Explain the characteristics of consumer behaviour.

 IV. Answer any two of the following questions: (2 x 15 = 30 Marks)
29. Define branding. What are the advantages of branding to consumer and marketers?

30. Explain the various sales promotion methods undertaken at dealer’s as well as consumer’s level. 31. Mention the important methods of pricing with advantages and disadvantages of each.